SiO₂

Silica (SiO₂) is often listed in the anions section of a water analysis because, in natural waters, silica primarily exists in its dissolved form as silicic acid (H₄SiO₄). In water, silicic acid can lose hydrogen ions and behave as a weak acid, forming anions like H₃SiO₄⁻ and H₂SiO₄²⁻, especially in alkaline conditions.

The reason for categorizing silica among anions in water analysis is thus related to its chemical behavior in water:

1. Weak Acidic Nature: Silicic acid is a weak acid and can dissociate to form negatively charged anions.

2. pH Dependence: The degree of ionization and the specific anionic form of silica in water depend on the pH of the water. At higher pH levels, silica is more likely to be present in anionic forms.

3. Analytical Conventions: Water analysis often follows certain conventions and methodologies where silica, due to its behavior in water, is commonly grouped with anions for ease of categorization and analysis.

While not an anion in the traditional sense like chloride or sulfate, the behavior of dissolved silica in water justifies its placement in the anions section of water analysis reports.

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TDS

Please note that our TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) Calculator is calibrated to account for commonly found elements in water. However, it's important to understand that if the charge balance error exceeds the +5% threshold, and the analysis is assumed to be accurate, this discrepancy might indicate the presence of other constituents in the water that have not been measured. This could include elements or compounds not typically included in standard analyses. We recommend further investigation or specialized testing if such a situation arises to ensure a comprehensive understanding of your water's composition.

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SCA

The SCA Water Quality Handbook emphasizes the critical roles of total hardness, alkalinity, and pH in defining water's suitability for coffee extraction. It advocates for a nuanced understanding of water chemistry, noting the predominance of ions like calcium, magnesium, and hydrogen carbonate. While it sets forth recommended ranges for total hardness (50–175 ppm CaCO₃)(Total hardness is the sum of calcium and magnesium, while alkalinity, crucial for coffee's acidity, should be at least 40 ppm CaCO₃ to avoid corrosion) and pH (6–8), these are guidelines rather than strict standards. The recommendation also highlights the necessity of balancing total hardness and alkalinity, with a specific emphasis on minimizing corrosion risks and optimizing coffee extraction. This academic perspective underscores the intricate balance of water chemistry in coffee brewing.

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SASO-GSO 149/2021

The Gulf Technical Regulation GSO 149:2021 focuses on unbottled drinking water standards, emphasizing its suitability for human consumption. It outlines criteria such as microbiological, chemical, and radiological properties, ensuring water safety. Key aspects include maintaining specific pH levels, total dissolved solids, and guidelines for chemical substances like ammonia, chloride, sulfate, and total hardness. It also addresses potential contaminants from industrial, agricultural, and water treatment sources, setting limits to safeguard health. The regulation stresses the importance of regular water testing to comply with these standards, ensuring public health protection.

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